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February 05, 2021

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

ScienceDaily: Latest Science News

optical coating can simultaneously reflect and transmit the same wavelength, or color

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 04:25 PM PST

The technology, based on Fano resonance, results in a coating that fully reflects only a very narrow wavelength. The technology could improve the effectiveness of devices that use hybrid thermal-electric power generation as a solar energy option.

Social interactions after isolation may counteract cravings

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

Social interaction may help reverse food and cigarette cravings triggered by being in social isolation, a study in rats has found. The study used an animal model of drug addiction to show that a return to social interaction gives the same result as living in a rich, stimulating environment in reducing cravings for both sugar and nicotine rewards.

Research could lead to injectable gels that release medicines over time

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

The researchers dissolved polymers and nanoparticles in water, and comingled them at room temperature to solidify a Jello-like substance that - unlike its kitchen counterpart -- did not liquify at higher heat, such as in the body. The technique kept in balance two thermodynamic concepts- enthalpy, which measures energy added to or subtracted from a material, and entropy, which describes how energy changes make a material more or less orderly at the molecular level.

Can a fin become a limb?

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

Researchers examine what's happening at genetic level to drive patterns in fin skeleton versus limb skeleton and find mutants with modified fins in a more limb-like pattern by adding new bones, complete with muscles and joints. The results reveal the ability to form limb-like structures was present in the common ancestor of tetrapods and teleost fishes and has been retained in a latent state which can be activated by genetic changes.

Fecal microbiota transplants help patients with advanced melanoma respond to immunotherapy

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

For patients with cancers that do not respond to immunotherapy drugs, adjusting the composition of microorganisms in the intestines -- known as the gut microbiome -- through the use of stool, or fecal, transplants may help some of these individuals respond to the immunotherapy drugs, a new study suggests.

Some sperm cells poison their competitors

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

Competition among sperm cells is fierce - they all want to reach the egg cell first to fertilize it. A research team now shows in mice that the ability of sperm to move progressively depends on the protein RAC1. Optimal amounts of active protein improve the competitiveness of individual sperm, whereas aberrant activity can cause male infertility.

Human immune cells have natural alarm system against HIV

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

Researchers have identified a potential way to eradicate the latent HIV infection that lies dormant inside infected immune cells. Studying human immune cells, the researchers showed that such cells have a natural alarm system that detects the activity of a specific HIV protein. Rather than attack the virus based on its appearance, this strategy is to attack the virus based on what it is doing -- vital activities that are required for the virus to exist.

New methods for exploring the 'dark matter' of biology

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

New tools and methods have been described by researchers to study an unusual protein modification and gain fresh insights into its roles in human health and disease. The study - about how certain sugars modify proteins -- lays a foundation for better understanding diseases like muscular dystrophy and cancer.

Ultrasound in the treatment of brain diseases

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:40 AM PST

Ultrasound is not only used as an imaging technique but targeted pulses of ultrasound can be used as a highly accurate treatment for a range of brain diseases. A review shows that the new treatments are already on the brink of broad clinical application.

Researchers create 'whirling' nano-structures in anti-ferromagnets

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:39 AM PST

Inspired by the Big Bang cooling, the new finding could lead to super-fast, energy-efficient memory chips.

In a desert seared by climate change, burrowers fare better than birds

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:32 AM PST

In the Mojave Desert, small mammals are weathering the hotter conditions triggered by climate change much better than birds, finds a new study. Using computer models, the study team showed that small mammals' resilience is likely due to their ability to escape the sun in underground burrows and their tendency to be more active at night. This gives small mammals lower 'cooling costs' than birds, which have less capacity to escape the heat.

DNA-based technique allows researchers to determine age of living beluga whales in Alaska

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 11:32 AM PST

Researchers can now determine the age and sex of living beluga whales in Alaska's Cook Inlet thanks to a new DNA-based technique that uses information from small samples of skin tissue.

How elephants evolved to become big and cancer-resistant

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

All things being equal, large, long-lived animals should have the highest risk of cancer. The calculation is simple: Tumors grow when genetic mutations cause individual cells to reproduce too quickly. A long life creates more opportunities for those cancerous mutations to arise. So, too, does a massive body: Big creatures -- which have many more cells -- should develop tumors more frequently. Why, then, does cancer rarely afflict elephants, with their long lifespans and gargantuan bodies? They are some of the world's largest land animals.

A single-molecule guide to understanding chemical reactions better

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

Scientists report measurement of electrical conductivity of single DNA molecules as a way of monitoring the formation of double-stranded DNA on a gold surface. In their latest article, they investigate the time evolution of the reaction and report findings not observed previously, demonstrating the suitability of the single-molecule approach in elucidating reaction pathways and exploring novel chemical processes.

'Stealthy' stem cells better for treating tendon injuries in horses

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

Treating equine donor stem cells with a growth factor called TGF-b2 may allow them to avoid 'tripping' the immune response in recipients, according to new research.

Time management can work but in unexpected ways

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

Researchers conducted a first-of-its-kind meta-analysis of time management literature. Their study pored over data from 158 separate studies spanning four decades, six continents and involving more than 53,000 respondents. Their conclusion? Yes, time management does work. Though maybe not as one might initially think.

Horse remains reveal new insights into how Native peoples raised horses

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

When a Utah couple dug up the remains of a horse near the city of Provo, researchers suspected that they may have discovered an animal that lived during the last Ice Age. New results suggest a different story.

School gardens linked with kids eating more vegetables

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

Getting children to eat their vegetables can seem like an insurmountable task, but nutrition researchers at The University of Texas at Austin have found one way: school gardens and lessons on using what's grown in them. Researchers worked with 16 elementary schools across Central Texas to install vegetable gardens and teach classes to students and parents about nutrition and cooking.

Songbirds exposed to lead-contaminated water show telltale signs about human impacts

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 10:14 AM PST

Researchers discovered lead levels like those reported in Flint, Michigan, can interfere with the neural mechanisms of vocal development of songbirds and affect mate attraction.

Fast-flying bats rely on late-night updrafts to reach great heights

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 09:01 AM PST

Although scientists knew that some bats could reach heights of over 1,600 meters (or approximately one mile) above the ground during flight, they didn't understand how they managed to do it without the benefit of thermals that aren't typically available to them during their nighttime forays. Now, researchers have uncovered the bats' secret to high-flying.

Battling bugs help solve mysteries of weapon evolution

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:17 AM PST

Scientists outfitted bugs with body armor and pitted them against each other in staged wrestling matches, all in the name of science. The findings shed light on how evolution has shaped the arsenal of weapons in the animal kingdom.

Dark matter: A new tool in the search for axions

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:16 AM PST

Researchers have discovered a new avenue to search for axions -- a hypothetical particle that is one of the candidates of dark matter particles. The group, which usually performs ultra-high precision measurements of the fundamental properties of trapped antimatter, has for the first time used the ultra-sensitive superconducting single antiproton detection system of their advanced Penning trap experiment as a sensitive dark matter antenna.

California's rainy season starting nearly a month later than it did 60 years ago

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:16 AM PST

The start of California's annual rainy season has been pushed back from November to December, prolonging the state's increasingly destructive wildfire season by nearly a month, according to new research. The study cannot confirm the shift is connected to climate change, but the results are consistent with climate models that predict drier autumns for California in a warming climate, according to the authors.

Deadly white-nose syndrome changed genes in surviving bats

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:16 AM PST

Scientists have found genetic differences between bats killed by white-nose syndrome and bats that survived, suggesting that survivors rapidly evolve to resist the fungal disease, according to a study with big implications for deciding how to safeguard bat populations.

Ocean surface slicks are pelagic nurseries for diverse fishes

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:16 AM PST

Scientists have discovered that a diverse array of marine animals find refuge in so-called 'surface slicks' in Hawai'i. These ocean features create a superhighway of nursery habitat for more than 100 species of commercially and ecologically important fishes, such as mahi-mahi, jacks, and billfish.

Deforestation is stressing mammals out

Posted: 04 Feb 2021 07:16 AM PST

By analyzing hormones that accumulate in fur, researchers found that rodents and marsupials living in smaller patches of South America's Atlantic Forest are under more stress than ones living in more intact forests.

Dynamic 3D printing process features a light-driven twist

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 05:54 PM PST

The speed of light has come to 3D printing. Engineers have developed a new method that uses light to improve 3D printing speed and precision while also, in combination with a high-precision robot arm, providing the freedom to move, rotate or dilate each layer as the structure is being built. The method introduces the 'on-the-fly' ability to manipulate the original design layer by layer and pivot the printing direction without recreating the model.

Tool predicts which mini-strokes could lead to major strokes

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 05:53 PM PST

A new tool can help emergency physicians predict which patients with mini-strokes are at greatest risk of having a major stroke within the week.

New global 'wind atlas' propels sustainable energy

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 05:53 PM PST

Wind energy scientists have released a new global wind atlas - a digital compendium filled with documented extreme wind speeds for all parts of the world - to help engineers select the turbines in any given region and accelerate the development of sustainable energy.

Moms with MS at no more risk of pregnancy complications than moms without MS

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 01:23 PM PST

Women with multiple sclerosis (MS) may not be at a higher risk of pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes, emergency cesarean section or stillbirth than women who do not have the disease, according to a new study.

Terahertz accelerates beyond 5G towards 6G

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 01:23 PM PST

Researchers demonstrate wireless transmission of uncompressed full-resolution 8K video using terahertz waves, accelerating research and development of Beyond 5G towards 6G.

Cancer research expands body's own immune system to kill tumors

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 01:22 PM PST

Scientists are hoping advances in cancer research could lead to a day when a patient's own immune system could be used to fight and destroy a wide range of tumors. Cancer immunotherapy has some remarkable successes, but its effectiveness has been limited to a relatively small handful of cancers. Researchers describe how advances in engineering models of tumors can greatly expand cancer immunotherapy's effectiveness to a wider range of cancers.

New clues to how muscle wasting occurs in people with cancer

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 01:22 PM PST

Muscle wasting, or the loss of muscle tissue, is a common problem for people with cancer, but the precise mechanisms have long eluded doctors and scientists. Now, a new study gives new clues to how muscle wasting happens on a cellular level.

First-in-human clinical trial confirms new HIV vaccine approach

Posted: 03 Feb 2021 01:22 PM PST

A phase 1 clinical trial testing a novel vaccine approach to prevent HIV has produced promising results, researchers announced today. The vaccine showed success in stimulating production of rare immune cells needed to start the process of generating antibodies against the fast-mutating virus; the targeted response was detected in 97 percent of participants who received the vaccine.
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